---
title: "巴西与南非：可再生能源与化石燃料的能源矛盾"
source_url: "https://www.huandroid.com/zh/brasil-nanzhi-kenengyuan"
stream: "X_CASE_Lab"
language: "zh"
platform: HuAndroid Strategic Intelligence Desk
governance: Human-in-Command
epistemic_layer: M-E-P Matrix / SemiAnalysis Benchmark
ai_generated: true
tdm_reservation: 1
date_published: 2026-04-29T22:26:40+02:00
date_modified: 2026-10-06T16:05:55+02:00
tags: ["BRICS", "化石燃料", "南非", "可再生能源", "巴西", "投资机会", "海上风电", "电力需求", "绿氢", "能源转型"]
---

# 巴西与南非：可再生能源与化石燃料的能源矛盾

## Content

## 执行摘要

在2025-2026年期间，巴西在能源投资方面呈现出双重动态：一方面，公共资金持续投入可再生能源，特别是在东北部地区；另一方面，石油预销售项目的加速推进。在东北部地区，该地区集中了全国82.3%的太阳能和风能装机容量，BNDES为清洁能源项目拨款100亿雷亚尔，其中包括10亿雷亚尔用于在米纳斯吉拉斯州阿里诺斯建设11个505兆瓦的光伏电站，该项目已于2026年初启动。同期，行业企业因运营成本上升和税收优惠丧失，暂停投资388亿雷亚尔（含141个项目，投资189亿雷亚尔）。

海上风电取得进展：2025年6月，Ibama向阿雷亚布兰卡的24.5兆瓦项目发放了首张初步许可证，而2025年底已有103项许可证申请，总装机容量达244.5吉瓦。海上风电技术潜力估计为697吉瓦（根据世界银行和EPE数据，最高可达1200吉瓦）。最初计划于2026年启动的首场海上风电拍卖，因2026年上半年发布监管法令而推迟至2027年。海上风电项目融资通过BNDES与Banco do Nordeste（410亿雷亚尔）及BNDES与CEXIM（10亿美元基金，自2026年起生效）的协议实现。

同时，石油投资，特别是预销售项目，仍占主导地位。Petrobras宣布2026-2030年投资计划达1090亿美元，其中910亿美元用于实施项目。2025年预销售产量达到489.7万桶油当量/日，7月达到峰值516.0万桶油当量/日。2026年能源转型融资减少20%，风电和太阳能投资收缩58%。2025年6月，Ibama因缺乏详细气候计划暂停价值1964亿雷亚尔的项目许可。2026年7月将举行第六轮石油预销售拍卖，涉及六个油田的1.065亿桶。

在南非，Eskom自2025年4月1日至2026年3月12日连续300天无计划停电（load shedding），得益于能源可用性因子（EAF）提升至65.85%及意外功率损失从16.5吉瓦（2023年）降至9.1吉瓦（2026年3月31日）。重要事件是Kusile电厂第六机组于2025年9月29日完成，新增800兆瓦装机。通过发电恢复计划，自2023年起恢复7.8吉瓦产能，而开式循环燃气轮机（OCGT）柴油消耗量从2025年4月至2026年3月减少57.35%，节省63.8亿兰特。

2025年Eskom提出五年投资计划达3200亿兰特，包含5.9吉瓦新清洁能源。《资源综合计划》（IRP 2025）延长10座燃煤电厂运营寿命。2025年南非政府与国际伙伴（欧盟、英国、丹麦、法国、德国、荷兰）宣布“公正能源转型伙伴关系”（JETP）计划，资金100亿美元。2026年德国通过KfW向24个战略绿氢项目提供2300万欧元风险缓释资金。2025年宣布的Coega绿氢项目获SA-H2基金2亿美元资助，计划2029年投产。

2026年南非多个绿氢项目启动：CSIR 1吉瓦电解槽、Wits-South Africa Hydrogen Localisation Initiative 110千瓦电解槽及Prieska Power Reserve年产量8万吨氢气项目。BurnStar Technologies与Mitochondria Energy Company签署协议，为15个50千瓦燃料电池系统供应蓝氢，计划2026年底投产。非洲大陆共统计78个绿氢项目，总装机38吉瓦，投资1940亿美元，南非、埃及和摩洛哥为领先国家。

最显著数据是巴西在可再生能源和预销售领域同步大规模项目扩张，而转型技术融资下降，形成气候承诺与经济战略间的张力。南非实现300天无计划停电，证实电力系统稳定性提升，但长期可持续性依赖清洁能源转型计划实施及可再生能源整合。

## 第一部分 – 巴西：可再生能源、海上风电和预销售

2025-2026年巴西能源投资呈现出矛盾的发展态势：在东北部地区对可再生能源领域进行了大量资本注入，同时石油预销售项目的推进速度加快，但用于转型技术的资金却有所削减。一个关键事件是巴西国家开发银行（BNDES）批准了10亿雷亚尔（约合1.851亿美元）的贷款，用于在米纳斯吉拉斯州的阿里诺斯地区建设11个太阳能发电站，总装机容量达505兆瓦，这些项目于2026年初投入运行。该项目是BNDES在2025年为东北部清洁能源项目拨款100亿雷亚尔的一部分，其中包含“新巴西工业”计划下的无息贷款。

同期，东北部地区的投资出现显著下滑：可再生能源企业暂停了2025-2026年间约388亿雷亚尔的投资，因运营成本上升和税收优惠丧失而考虑撤离该地区。141个太阳能和风能项目暂停了189亿雷亚尔的投资。尽管如此，东北部仍主导着可再生能源领域：占全国太阳能和风能总装机容量的82.3%，包括30吉瓦的运营能力，以及78%的在建项目。2025年新增6751.03兆瓦装机容量，其中太阳能2464.04兆瓦、风能1537.90兆瓦。

海上风电领域发展加速。2025年6月，环境与可再生资源管理局（Ibama）向里约格朗德-多诺米州阿雷亚布兰卡海域的项目发放了首张初步许可证，该项目配备两台风力涡轮机（8.5兆瓦和16兆瓦），总装机容量24.5兆瓦。由巴西可再生能源创新研究所（ISI-ER）开发的该项目需在18个月内获得安装许可证，并在36个月内投入运营。截至2025年底，Ibama已登记103份海上风电项目许可证申请，总装机容量达244.5吉瓦；其他估计显示为104个项目，潜在装机容量700吉瓦。海上风电技术潜力达697吉瓦，根据世界银行和国家电力调度中心（EPE）的预测，可达到1200吉瓦。首轮招标原定于2026年，但因2026年上半年发布监管法令而推迟至2027年。

海上风电项目融资由BNDES与东北银行（Banco do Nordeste）联合开展。2025年3月，双方签署了410亿雷亚尔的协议，用于海上风电及绿色技术。此外，BNDES与巴西中国进出口银行（CEXIM）签署了10亿美元基金协议（其中BNDES出资4亿美元），支持巴西能源转型、人工智能、基础设施、采矿和农业项目，该基金将于2026年启动。2025年，BNDES还为巴西9个州13座城市的16个太阳能电站提供融资，总计1.56亿雷亚尔和31兆瓦装机容量。

石油项目投资，尤其是预销售领域，持续主导。巴西国家石油公司（Petrobras）宣布2026-2030年投资计划达1090亿美元（5814亿雷亚尔），其中910亿美元用于项目实施，180亿美元用于评估阶段。2025年，该公司在可再生能源和预销售项目上投资30亿美元。然而，2026年能源转型项目融资削减20%，其中风电和太阳能项目降幅达58%。2025年预销售产量达489.7万桶/日（同比2024年增长13.3%），7月创下5160万桶/日的纪录。2025年期间，Itapu（配备P-71 FPSO）和Búzios 6（配备P-78 FPSO，日产量达18万桶）油田投产。

预销售开发计划包括2027年前建设11座新浮式生产储油船（FPSO），其中Mero油田的Sepetiba平台日产量达18万桶。 Santos盆地第四阶段预销售产量预期达77.3万桶/日，占全国产量的23%。2025年6月，Ibama因缺乏详细气候计划而暂停价值1964亿雷亚尔的项目审批，该计划是重启审批流程的必要条件。Petrobras还收购了Mero油田3.5%和Atapu油田0.95%的权益，分别将其持股比例提升至41.4%和66.38%。2026年7月将举行第六轮预销售石油拍卖，涉及Mero、Itapu、Atapu、Sépia、Búzios和Bacalhau油田的10.65亿桶石油。

尽管存在矛盾趋势，官方声明确认了平衡发展的意图。Petrobras宣布将维持至2050年31%的可再生能源能源矩阵，同时扩大预销售生产。矿业与能源部（MME）设定海上风电项目12海里限制，并计划到2050年创造50万个就业岗位。然而，缺乏资金透明度、海上风电项目直接投资数据缺失以及具体建设成本信息不全，使得经济分析难以深入。值得注意的是，尽管可再生能源投资增长，2025-2026年间仍出现显著资本外流，凸显当前发展模式的脆弱性。

最显著的事实是，巴西在2025-2026年同时推进可再生能源和预销售领域的大型项目，而转型技术资金削减，导致气候承诺与经济战略之间产生张力。

## 第二部分 – 南非：电网稳定性、绿氢和关键矿物

2025年4月1日至2026年3月12日期间，埃斯科姆（Eskom）实现了连续300天无停电，这得益于能源可用性因子（EAF）的改善和意外停机的减少。在这些12个月内，EAF达到65.85%；在2025-2026财年达到65.35%，相比2023-2024财年增长了4.75%。关键因素是意外功率损失的减少，从2023年的16.5 GW降至2026年3月31日的9.1 GW（-44.5%）。2026年3月6日至12日的一周内，平均损失从15.382 GW降至7.224 GW（-53%）。

尽管有所改善，2025年4月和5月仍记录了26小时的停电，表明系统仍存在持续的脆弱性。然而，2026年4月1日至8月31日期间，埃斯科姆预计不会出现电网过载，这得益于6 GW的发电储备和发电设施的稳定运行。一个重要事件是Kusile电站第6机组的完工，于2025年9月29日完成，增加了800 MW的发电能力，使Kusile和Medupi电站的总装机容量达到9.6 GW。第6机组于2025年9月被认定为商业可用，尽管生产已于2025年3月23日启动。

埃斯科姆正在实施发电能力恢复计划，已从2023年起恢复了7.8 GW的产能，包括Medupi第4机组和Kusile第6机组。通过该计划，增加了4.0 GW的额外发电能力，使循环流化床燃气轮机（OCGT）的柴油消耗量在2025年4月1日至2026年3月12日期间减少了57.35%，节省了63.8亿兰特。2023-2026年间，柴油支出总体减少了269亿兰特（约合14亿欧元）。

2025年，埃斯科姆宣布了为期五年的投资计划，金额达3200亿兰特，计划新增5.9 GW的清洁能源。2026年启动了2 GW的可再生能源项目。长期战略（2025年批准）旨在将煤炭发电能力从39 GW降至18 GW，并在2040年前实现32 GW的可再生能源产能。同时，综合资源计划（IRP 2025）延长了10座燃煤电站的运营寿命，其中一些将比原计划多运行十年。

2025年，南非政府与国际伙伴（欧盟、英国、丹麦、法国、德国、荷兰）宣布了“公正能源转型伙伴关系”（JETP）计划，金额达100亿美元。另有24亿美元以双边捐助形式到位。2026年，德国通过KfW为关键绿氢项目提供了2300万欧元的风险缓释资金，包括24个战略项目。在该计划框架下，2025年启动了位于Coega的绿氢项目，获得SA-H2基金的2亿美元资助，计划于2029年商业化。

2026年南非推进多个绿氢项目。CSIR项目于2024年5月获批并2025年6月启动，计划建设1 GW电解槽，年产量达72,000-88,000吨氢气，减少0.7百万吨二氧化碳排放。Wits-南非氢能本地化倡议获得3.5亿兰特（约530万美元）用于110 kW电解槽。Prieska Power Reserve项目（由KfW和IDC支持）计划年产80,000吨氢气。BurnStar Technologies与Mitochondria Energy Company签署协议，为15个50 kW燃料电池系统（总功率800 kW）提供蓝氢，计划2026年底投产。

2026年南非加强与印度和中国在关键矿物领域的合作。印度与非洲协议于2026年4月22日确认，计划联合投资750亿美元，铂金、锰和铬贸易额达1000亿美元。中国是南非最大贸易伙伴，2025年双边贸易额达364亿美元。美国虽于2025年宣布退出协议，但已拨款5600万美元补贴，潜在投资达10亿美元。

2025年，工业发展公司（IDC）向八家少数族裔拥有的关键矿物企业投资16亿兰特，涉及锰、铂金和石墨。在由全球基础设施与投资伙伴关系资助的50亿美元“全球洛比托走廊”项目中，计划现代化关键矿物的开采与出口物流。2026年非洲共有78个绿氢项目，总装机容量38 GW，投资达1940亿美元；南非与埃及、摩洛哥并列领先。

尽管有所改善，2026年仍存在电力供应不足（unserved energy）风险，因2029-2030年将退出5.26 GW燃煤发电，可能引发2029年严重停电。2025年停电造成的经济损失估计为每天9亿兰特，根据绿色和平非洲的数据，能源危机总成本达7210亿兰特（380亿美元）。

最显著的成果是埃斯科姆于2026年3月12日实现连续300天无计划停电，显示电力系统韧性得益于产能恢复和柴油消耗减少。然而，长期稳定性取决于清洁能源转型计划的实施和可再生能源整合。

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* [https://portal.esgagenda.com/saiba-quais-sao-os-projetos-de-eolicas-offshore-no-brasil/](https://portal.esgagenda.com/saiba-quais-sao-os-projetos-de-eolicas-offshore-no-brasil/\")

* [https://nossaenergia.petrobras.com.br/w/transicao-energetica/energia-eolica-offshore/acordo-equinor](https://nossaenergia.petrobras.com.br/w/transicao-energetica/energia-eolica-offshore/acordo-equinor\")

* [https://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en](https://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en\")

* [https://exame.com/economia/r-10-bilhoes-para-inovacao-edital-do-bndes-busca-projetos-de-energia-limpa-no-nordeste/](https://exame.com/economia/r-10-bilhoes-para-inovacao-edital-do-bndes-busca-projetos-de-energia-limpa-no-nordeste/\")

* [https://www.brasil247.com/brasil-sustentavel/bndes-capta-r-4-1-bilhoes-com-banco-alemao-e-instituicoes-europeias-para-fundo-clima-e-projetos-verdes-no-brasil](https://www.brasil247.com/brasil-sustentavel/bndes-capta-r-4-1-bilhoes-com-banco-alemao-e-instituicoes-europeias-para-fundo-clima-e-projetos-verdes-no-brasil\")

* [https://movimentoeconomico.com.br/economia/energia/2026/04/22/desistencia-de-141-usinas-faz-ne-perder-r-18-bilhoes-em-energia-renovavel/](https://movimentoeconomico.com.br/economia/energia/2026/04/22/desistencia-de-141-usinas-faz-ne-perder-r-18-bilhoes-em-energia-renovavel/\")

* [https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/opiniao/colunistas/egidio-serpa/energia-solar-nordeste-gera-598-de-toda-a-potencia-instalada-no-pais-1.3525231](https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/opiniao/colunistas/egidio-serpa/energia-solar-nordeste-gera-598-de-toda-a-potencia-instalada-no-pais-1.3525231\")

* [https://www.ocafezinho.com/2025/12/04/energia-solar-protagoniza-crescimento-da-matriz-eletrica-do-brasil-em-novembro/](https://www.ocafezinho.com/2025/12/04/energia-solar-protagoniza-crescimento-da-matriz-eletrica-do-brasil-em-novembro/\")

* [https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202506/bnb-dobra-financiamento-de-energia-solar-para-agricultores-familiares-e-ja-financiou-r-55-3-milhoes-em-quatro-meses](https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202506/bnb-dobra-financiamento-de-energia-solar-para-agricultores-familiares-e-ja-financiou-r-55-3-milhoes-em-quatro-meses\")

* [https://www.cartacapital.com.br/do-micro-ao-macro/nordeste-recebe-r-10-bilhoes-para-financiar-energia-verde-e-atrair-industria-limpa/](https://www.cartacapital.com.br/do-micro-ao-macro/nordeste-recebe-r-10-bilhoes-para-financiar-energia-verde-e-atrair-industria-limpa/\")

* [https://ekkogreen.com.br/capacidade-de-energia-eolica/](https://ekkogreen.com.br/capacidade-de-energia-eolica/\")

* [https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2026/04/20/brasil-mantem-5a-posicao-entre-paises-com-maior-capacidade-instalada-de-energia-eolica.ghtml](https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2026/04/20/brasil-mantem-5a-posicao-entre-paises-com-maior-capacidade-instalada-de-energia-eolica.ghtml\")

* [https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/07/31/energia-eolica-offshore-avanca-no-brasil-com-103-pedidos-de-licenciamento-ambiental-no-ibama/](https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/07/31/energia-eolica-offshore-avanca-no-brasil-com-103-pedidos-de-licenciamento-ambiental-no-ibama/\")

* [https://www.evwind.com/2016/06/05/iberdrola-desarrolla-su-mayor-complejo-eolico-en-america-latina/](https://www.evwind.com/2016/06/05/iberdrola-desarrolla-su-mayor-complejo-eolico-en-america-latina/\")

* [https://fintechnode.com.br/noticias/eolica-offshore-brasil-risco/](https://fintechnode.com.br/noticias/eolica-offshore-brasil-risco/\")

* [https://emaisenergia.org/clipping/eolicas-offshore-futuro-promissor-presente-complicado/](https://emaisenergia.org/clipping/eolicas-offshore-futuro-promissor-presente-complicado/\")

* [https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2026/04/08/eolicas-offshore-governo-fixa-limite-de-12-milhas-e-projeta-500-mil-empregos-ate-2050/](https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2026/04/08/eolicas-offshore-governo-fixa-limite-de-12-milhas-e-projeta-500-mil-empregos-ate-2050/\")

* [https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2026/03/11/eolicas-offshore-e-leilao-de-baterias-entram-no-radar-do-governo-para-2026-afirma-silveira-na-camara/](https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2026/03/11/eolicas-offshore-e-leilao-de-baterias-entram-no-radar-do-governo-para-2026-afirma-silveira-na-camara/\")

* [https://sustentabilidadebrasil.com/energia-eolica-offshore-tem-potencial-tecnico-de-mais-de-1-200-gw-no-brasil-aponta-relatorio-do-banco-mundial/](https://sustentabilidadebrasil.com/energia-eolica-offshore-tem-potencial-tecnico-de-mais-de-1-200-gw-no-brasil-aponta-relatorio-do-banco-mundial/\")

* [https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/com-potencial-superior-a-100-gw-em-projetos-brasil-entra-na-rota-da-energia-eolica-offshore-primeiros-leiloes-previstos-para-2026-vml97/](https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/com-potencial-superior-a-100-gw-em-projetos-brasil-entra-na-rota-da-energia-eolica-offshore-primeiros-leiloes-previstos-para-2026-vml97/\")

* [https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2026/04/01/governo-aprova-diretrizes-para-eolicas-no-mar-e-estudos-para-ampliar-capacidade-hidreletrica.ghtml](https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2026/04/01/governo-aprova-diretrizes-para-eolicas-no-mar-e-estudos-para-ampliar-capacidade-hidreletrica.ghtml\")

* [https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202510/1344928.shtml](https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202510/1344928.shtml\")

* [https://www.ocafezinho.com/2024/08/04/bndes-financia-complexo-solar-na-bahia-que-abastecera-refinaria-de-mataripe-2a-maior-do-pais/](https://www.ocafezinho.com/2024/08/04/bndes-financia-complexo-solar-na-bahia-que-abastecera-refinaria-de-mataripe-2a-maior-do-pais/\")

* [https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/negocios/noticia/2025/10/02/bndes-e-china-firmam-acordo-para-fundo-de-r-1-bi-para-investimentos-em-transicao-energetica-ia-e-mais.ghtml](https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/negocios/noticia/2025/10/02/bndes-e-china-firmam-acordo-para-fundo-de-r-1-bi-para-investimentos-em-transicao-energetica-ia-e-mais.ghtml\")

* [https://jornalgrandebahia.com.br/2025/06/presidente-lula-anuncia-chamada-publica-de-r-10-bilhoes-do-bndes-para-impulsionar-industria-e-gerar-empregos-no-nordeste/](https://jornalgrandebahia.com.br/2025/06/presidente-lula-anuncia-chamada-publica-de-r-10-bilhoes-do-bndes-para-impulsionar-industria-e-gerar-empregos-no-nordeste/\")

* [https://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/mercado-de-capitais/fundos-de-investimentos/chamadas-publicas-para-selecao-de-fundos/chamada-publica-selecao-fundos-mitigacao-climatica](https://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/mercado-de-capitais/fundos-de-investimentos/chamadas-publicas-para-selecao-de-fundos/chamada-publica-selecao-fundos-mitigacao-climatica\")

* [https://agenciadenoticias.bndes.gov.br/infraestrutura/Com-R$-156-mi-do-BNDES-mais-16-usinas-fotovoltaicas-entram-em-operacao-no-Brasil/](https://agenciadenoticias.bndes.gov.br/infraestrutura/Com-R$-156-mi-do-BNDES-mais-16-usinas-fotovoltaicas-entram-em-operacao-no-Brasil/\")

* [https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/bndes-e-banco-do-nordeste-anunciam-novas-linhas-de-financiamento-para-energia-eolica-offshore-e-projetos-verdes-no-brasil-dsca00/](https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/bndes-e-banco-do-nordeste-anunciam-novas-linhas-de-financiamento-para-energia-eolica-offshore-e-projetos-verdes-no-brasil-dsca00/\")

* [https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sustentabilidade/ibama-concede-a-1a-licenca-previa-a-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-brasil/](https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sustentabilidade/ibama-concede-a-1a-licenca-previa-a-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-brasil/\")

* [https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/macroeconomia/ibama-concede-1a-licenca-previa-para-projeto-de-energia-eolica-offshore/](https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/macroeconomia/ibama-concede-1a-licenca-previa-para-projeto-de-energia-eolica-offshore/\")

* [https://portugal.wedoany.ai/arquivo/418](https://portugal.wedoany.ai/arquivo/418\")

* [https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/06/23/ibama-concede-primeira-licenca-previa-para-usina-eolica-offshore-no-brasil/](https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/06/23/ibama-concede-primeira-licenca-previa-para-usina-eolica-offshore-no-brasil/\")

* [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/um-marco-histórico-ibama-emite-1ª-licença-prévia-para-projeto-enl9e/](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/um-marco-histórico-ibama-emite-1ª-licença-prévia-para-projeto-enl9e/\")

* [https://www.gov.br/ibama/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/ibama-emite-1a-licenca-previa-para-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-brasil](https://www.gov.br/ibama/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/ibama-emite-1a-licenca-previa-para-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-brasil\")

* [https://brasilamazoniaagora.com.br/ibama-energia-eolica-offshore/](https://brasilamazoniaagora.com.br/ibama-energia-eolica-offshore/\")

* [https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/06/24/ibama-concede-primeira-licenca-previa-para-projeto-de-eolica-offshore-no-brasil.ghtml](https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/06/24/ibama-concede-primeira-licenca-previa-para-projeto-de-eolica-offshore-no-brasil.ghtml\")

* [https://www.arandanet.com.br/revista/em/noticia/11106-Ibama-libera-1ª-licenca-para-eolica-offshore-no-Brasil](https://www.arandanet.com.br/revista/em/noticia/11106-Ibama-libera-1ª-licenca-para-eolica-offshore-no-Brasil\")

* [https://dol.com.br/noticias/inovacao-em-sustentabilidade/912391/ibama-autoriza-primeira-licenca-previa-para-energia-eolica-offshore-no-brasil?d=1](https://dol.com.br/noticias/inovacao-em-sustentabilidade/912391/ibama-autoriza-primeira-licenca-previa-para-energia-eolica-offshore-no-brasil?d=1\")

* [https://umsoplaneta.globo.com/energia/noticia/2025/06/25/ibama-concede-1a-licenca-previa-a-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-pais.ghtml](https://umsoplaneta.globo.com/energia/noticia/2025/06/25/ibama-concede-1a-licenca-previa-a-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-pais.ghtml\")

* [https://onegreen.com.br/ibama-lanca-termo-de-referencia-padrao-para-complexos-de-energia-eolica-offshore/](https://onegreen.com.br/ibama-lanca-termo-de-referencia-padrao-para-complexos-de-energia-eolica-offshore/\")

* [https://eixos.com.br/eolica/ibama-prepara-emissao-de-primeira-licenca-para-eolica-offshore/](https://eixos.com.br/eolica/ibama-prepara-emissao-de-primeira-licenca-para-eolica-offshore/\")

* [https://partidoliberal.org.br/astronauta-marcos-pontes-pl-sp-audiencia-publica-energia-eolica-offshore/](https://partidoliberal.org.br/astronauta-marcos-pontes-pl-sp-audiencia-publica-energia-eolica-offshore/\")

* [https://anp.com.br/ibama-aprova-licenca-para-a-primeira-usina-eolica-em-alto-mar-no-brasil/](https://anp.com.br/ibama-aprova-licenca-para-a-primeira-usina-eolica-em-alto-mar-no-brasil/\")

* [https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/07/31/eolicas-em-alto-mar-tem-103-pedidos-de-licenciamento-ambiental-junto-ao-ibama.ghtml](https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/07/31/eolicas-em-alto-mar-tem-103-pedidos-de-licenciamento-ambiental-junto-ao-ibama.ghtml\")

* [https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/economia/noticia/2025-11/investments-petrobras-2026-2030-plan-totals-usd-109-billion](https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/economia/noticia/2025-11/investments-petrobras-2026-2030-plan-totals-usd-109-billion\")

* [https://wscom.com.br/noticias/2025/11/27/petrobras-plano-negocios-2026-2030-investimentos/](https://wscom.com.br/noticias/2025/11/27/petrobras-plano-negocios-2026-2030-investimentos/\")

* [https://ep-bd.com/view/details/news/NTIwOA==/title?q=Petrobras+Profits+Surge+to+$22+Billion+Amid+Criticism+Over+Fossil+Fuel+Focus](https://ep-bd.com/view/details/news/NTIwOA==/title?q=Petrobras+Profits+Surge+to+$22+Billion+Amid+Criticism+Over+Fossil+Fuel+Focus\")

* [https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/11/29/entenda-os-planos-da-petrobras-para-investimentos-producao-e-dividendos-ate-2030.ghtml](https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/11/29/entenda-os-planos-da-petrobras-para-investimentos-producao-e-dividendos-ate-2030.ghtml\")

* [https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/12/04/petrobras-e-shell-arrematam-areas-no-pre-sal-por-r-88-bilhoes.ghtml](https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/12/04/petrobras-e-shell-arrematam-areas-no-pre-sal-por-r-88-bilhoes.ghtml\")

* [https://globalflowcontrol.com/newsroom/slb-petrobras-pre-salt-contract/](https://globalflowcontrol.com/newsroom/slb-petrobras-pre-salt-contract/\")

* [https://jornalgrandebahia.com.br/2025/12/petrobras-amplia-participacao-em-mero-e-atapu-apos-leilao-de-areas-do-pre-sal/](https://jornalgrandebahia.com.br/2025/12/petrobras-amplia-participacao-em-mero-e-atapu-apos-leilao-de-areas-do-pre-sal/\")

* [https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2025-06/pre-sal-5o-leilao-de-petroleo-da-uniao-pode-arrecadar-R$-28-bilhoes](https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2025-06/pre-sal-5o-leilao-de-petroleo-da-uniao-pode-arrecadar-R$-28-bilhoes\")

* [https://valorinternational.globo.com/business/news/2025/06/26/petrobras-bids-aggressively-in-ppsa-auction.ghtml](https://valorinternational.globo.com/business/news/2025/06/26/petrobras-bids-aggressively-in-ppsa-auction.ghtml\")

* [https://timesbrasil.com.br/brasil/tesouro-do-pre-sal-ppsa-leiloa-1065-milhoes-de-barris-da-uniao/](https://timesbrasil.com.br/brasil/tesouro-do-pre-sal-ppsa-leiloa-1065-milhoes-de-barris-da-uniao/\")

* [https://revistaoe.com.br/plano-de-negocios-petrobras-2025-2029-investimentos/](https://revistaoe.com.br/plano-de-negocios-petrobras-2025-2029-investimentos/\")

* [https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/petrobras-plano-bilionario-2030-pre-sal-margem-equatorial-caes/](https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/petrobras-plano-bilionario-2030-pre-sal-margem-equatorial-caes/\")

* [https://www.brasil247.com/brasil-sustentavel/petrobras-investe-em-transicao-energetica-e-reduz-40-das-emissoes-de-co-desde-2015-03mg3sd7](https://www.brasil247.com/brasil-sustentavel/petrobras-investe-em-transicao-energetica-e-reduz-40-das-emissoes-de-co-desde-2015-03mg3sd7\")

* [https://guiadoinvestidor.com.br/mercado/petrobras-petr4-ibama-suspende-licenca-de-r-196-bi-no-pre-sal-por-falta-de-plano-climatico/](https://guiadoinvestidor.com.br/mercado/petrobras-petr4-ibama-suspende-licenca-de-r-196-bi-no-pre-sal-por-falta-de-plano-climatico/\")

* [https://www.naturalgasintel.com/news/brazils-petrobras-planning-to-ramp-up-pre-salt-natural-gas-oil-production-from-2025-2029/](https://www.naturalgasintel.com/news/brazils-petrobras-planning-to-ramp-up-pre-salt-natural-gas-oil-production-from-2025-2029/\")

* [https://valorinternational.globo.com/business/news/2025/12/15/pre-salt-could-generate-over-r1tn-for-brazil-within-a-decade.ghtml](https://valorinternational.globo.com/business/news/2025/12/15/pre-salt-could-generate-over-r1tn-for-brazil-within-a-decade.ghtml\")

* [https://en.clickpetroleoegas.com.br/producao-de-petroleo-no-pre-sal-bate-recorde-historico-e-consolida-o-brasil-entre-os-maiores-produtores-globais/](https://en.clickpetroleoegas.com.br/producao-de-petroleo-no-pre-sal-bate-recorde-historico-e-consolida-o-brasil-entre-os-maiores-produtores-globais/\")

* [https://www.poder360.com.br/energia/petrobras-anuncia-11-novas-plataformas-no-pre-sal-ate-2027/](https://www.poder360.com.br/energia/petrobras-anuncia-11-novas-plataformas-no-pre-sal-ate-2027/\")

* [https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202506/pre-sal-atinge-novo-recorde-na-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-natural-e-alcanca-3-7-milhoes-de-barris-por-dia](https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202506/pre-sal-atinge-novo-recorde-na-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-natural-e-alcanca-3-7-milhoes-de-barris-por-dia\")

* [https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2026/02/02/producao-diaria-de-petroleo-e-gas-sobe-133percent-e-bate-recorde-em-2025-diz-anp.ghtml](https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2026/02/02/producao-diaria-de-petroleo-e-gas-sobe-133percent-e-bate-recorde-em-2025-diz-anp.ghtml\")

* [https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/09/01/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-produz-mais-de-5-milhoes-de-barris-de-petroleo-e-gas-por-dia.ghtml](https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/09/01/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-produz-mais-de-5-milhoes-de-barris-de-petroleo-e-gas-por-dia.ghtml\")

* [https://safras.com.br/petrobras-preve-investimentos-totais-de-us-109-bilhoes-de-2026-a-2030/](https://safras.com.br/petrobras-preve-investimentos-totais-de-us-109-bilhoes-de-2026-a-2030/\")

* [https://apublica.org/2025/09/petrobras-resiste-mas-e-obrigada-a-compensar-impacto-climatico-de-operacao-no-pre-sal/](https://apublica.org/2025/09/petrobras-resiste-mas-e-obrigada-a-compensar-impacto-climatico-de-operacao-no-pre-sal/\")

* [https://climainfo.org.br/2025/11/30/novo-plano-de-negocios-da-petrobras-reduz-em-20-investimentos-em-transicao-energetica/](https://climainfo.org.br/2025/11/30/novo-plano-de-negocios-da-petrobras-reduz-em-20-investimentos-em-transicao-energetica/\")

* [https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/11/24/petrobras-projeta-manter-31-de-renovaveis-em-sua-matriz-ate-2050-e-reforca-foco-dual-em-expansao-do-pre-sal-e-transicao-energetica/](https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/11/24/petrobras-projeta-manter-31-de-renovaveis-em-sua-matriz-ate-2050-e-reforca-foco-dual-em-expansao-do-pre-sal-e-transicao-energetica/\")

* [https://energynews.africa/2026/04/20/petrobras-acquires-75-stake-in-sao-tomes-offshore-block-3-strengthening-africa-push/](https://energynews.africa/2026/04/20/petrobras-acquires-75-stake-in-sao-tomes-offshore-block-3-strengthening-africa-push/\")

* [https://cbhe.org.bo/index.php/noticias/74816-brasil-ppsa-subastara-106-5-millones-de-barriles-en-julio-de-2026](https://cbhe.org.bo/index.php/noticias/74816-brasil-ppsa-subastara-106-5-millones-de-barriles-en-julio-de-2026\")

* [https://www.tbpetroleum.com.br/noticia/ppsa-launches-a-new-spot-sale-process-for-union-oil-cargoes-from-itapu-and-sepia/](https://www.tbpetroleum.com.br/noticia/ppsa-launches-a-new-spot-sale-process-for-union-oil-cargoes-from-itapu-and-sepia/\")

* [https://astrotecnologia.net/en/highlights_petrobras_strategical_plan_2021_2025/](https://astrotecnologia.net/en/highlights_petrobras_strategical_plan_2021_2025/\")

* [https://www.upstreamonline.com/production/petrobras-begins-production-at-itapu-pre-salt-field-offshore-brazil/2-1-1378355](https://www.upstreamonline.com/production/petrobras-begins-production-at-itapu-pre-salt-field-offshore-brazil/2-1-1378355\")

* [https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/ibama-trava-megaprojeto-de-r-1964-bilhoes-da-petrobras-no-pre-sal-e-pode-colocar-em-risco-o-futuro-das-plataformas-no-brasil-afch/](https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/ibama-trava-megaprojeto-de-r-1964-bilhoes-da-petrobras-no-pre-sal-e-pode-colocar-em-risco-o-futuro-das-plataformas-no-brasil-afch/\")

* [https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2025-11/plano-da-petrobras-2026-2030-preve-investimentos-de-us-109-bilhoes](https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2025-11/plano-da-petrobras-2026-2030-preve-investimentos-de-us-109-bilhoes\")

* [https://www.industrialinfo.com/news/article/petrobras-da-luz-verde-a-los-proyectos-seap-con-un-aumento-de-capacidad-de-240000-bpd-para-2030–356418](https://www.industrialinfo.com/news/article/petrobras-da-luz-verde-a-los-proyectos-seap-con-un-aumento-de-capacidad-de-240000-bpd-para-2030--356418\")

* [https://climainfo.org.br/2025/09/26/ibama-determina-a-petrobras-compensacao-do-impacto-climatico-do-pre-sal/](https://climainfo.org.br/2025/09/26/ibama-determina-a-petrobras-compensacao-do-impacto-climatico-do-pre-sal/\")

* [https://www.gasnet.com.br/Conteudo/23499/Campos-de-Búzios-e-Atapu-receberam-quase-o-total-dos-US$-4,1-bilhões-investidos-no-primeiro-trimestre-de-2025](https://www.gasnet.com.br/Conteudo/23499/Campos-de-Búzios-e-Atapu-receberam-quase-o-total-dos-US$-4,1-bilhões-investidos-no-primeiro-trimestre-de-2025\")

* [https://eixos.com.br/eventos/ppsa-vai-leiloar-1065-milhoes-de-barris-em-julho-de-2026/](https://eixos.com.br/eventos/ppsa-vai-leiloar-1065-milhoes-de-barris-em-julho-de-2026/\")

* [https://agencia.petrobras.com.br/w/petrobras-inicia-produção-de-búzios-6](https://agencia.petrobras.com.br/w/petrobras-inicia-produção-de-búzios-6\")

## URL II.

* [https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/load-shedding/eskom-celebrates-more-than-300-days-of-no-load-shedding/](https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/load-shedding/eskom-celebrates-more-than-300-days-of-no-load-shedding/\")

* [https://www.joburgetc.com/business/end-of-load-shedding-south-africa/](https://www.joburgetc.com/business/end-of-load-shedding-south-africa/\")

* [https://techcentral.co.za/eskom-marks-300-days-without-load-shedding/279000/](https://techcentral.co.za/eskom-marks-300-days-without-load-shedding/279000/\")

* [https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/eskom-marks-300-days-without-loadshedding-13-mar-2026](https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/eskom-marks-300-days-without-loadshedding-13-mar-2026\")

* [https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sa-marks-168-days-without-load-shedding](https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sa-marks-168-days-without-load-shedding\")

* [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/business/eskom-says-no-load-shedding-this-winter/](https://www.thesouthafrican.com/business/eskom-says-no-load-shedding-this-winter/\")

* [https://www.freshplaza.com/africa/article/9831932/south-africa-expects-no-load-shedding-in-winter-2026/](https://www.freshplaza.com/africa/article/9831932/south-africa-expects-no-load-shedding-in-winter-2026/\")

* [https://www.archyde.com/eskoms-blackouts-an-in-depth-analysis-of-system-failures-and-impacts-on-south-africas-power-supply/](https://www.archyde.com/eskoms-blackouts-an-in-depth-analysis-of-system-failures-and-impacts-on-south-africas-power-supply/\")

* [https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/will-south-africas-power-crisis-sink-its-green-ambitions](https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/will-south-africas-power-crisis-sink-its-green-ambitions\")

* [https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/press/60473/new-report-exposes-deadly-cost-of-delaying-coal-phase-out-in-south-africa/](https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/press/60473/new-report-exposes-deadly-cost-of-delaying-coal-phase-out-in-south-africa/\")

* [https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/unmasked-the-health-and-economic-cost-of-delaying-coal-phase-out-in-south-africa/](https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/unmasked-the-health-and-economic-cost-of-delaying-coal-phase-out-in-south-africa/\")

* [https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-04-22-eskom-says-load-reduction-eased-in-multiple-areas-winter-outlook-stable/](https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-04-22-eskom-says-load-reduction-eased-in-multiple-areas-winter-outlook-stable/\")

* [https://energynews.pro/en/eskom-rules-out-summer-load-shedding-with-4000-mw-added-capacity/](https://energynews.pro/en/eskom-rules-out-summer-load-shedding-with-4000-mw-added-capacity/\")

* [https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/eskom-projects-stable-winter-power-supply-with-no-loadshedding-expected-challenges-with-new-build-renewable-energy/](https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/eskom-projects-stable-winter-power-supply-with-no-loadshedding-expected-challenges-with-new-build-renewable-energy/\")

* [https://infrastructurenews.co.za/2025/02/26/eskom-suspends-load-shedding/](https://infrastructurenews.co.za/2025/02/26/eskom-suspends-load-shedding/\")

* [https://www.joburgetc.com/business/south-africa-permanent-end-to-load-shedding-2025/](https://www.joburgetc.com/business/south-africa-permanent-end-to-load-shedding-2025/\")

* [https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/852733/load-shedding-warning-for-south-africa/](https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/852733/load-shedding-warning-for-south-africa/\")

* [https://witness.co.za/news/2026/04/23/load-shedding-free-winter-likely-for-south-africa-eskom-says/](https://witness.co.za/news/2026/04/23/load-shedding-free-winter-likely-for-south-africa-eskom-says/\")

* [https://www.arcadiafinance.co.za/news/stage-6-load-shedding-leave-south-africans-in-the-dark/](https://www.arcadiafinance.co.za/news/stage-6-load-shedding-leave-south-africans-in-the-dark/\")

* [https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/3251896–transforming-south-africas-education-system-a-key-to-inclusive-economic-growth](https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/3251896--transforming-south-africas-education-system-a-key-to-inclusive-economic-growth\")

* [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/eskom-has-good-news-for-south-africans-scared-of-the-dark/](https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/eskom-has-good-news-for-south-africans-scared-of-the-dark/\")

* [https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3883573-eskom-signals-end-to-winter-load-shedding-as-grid-stability-reaches-turning-point](https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3883573-eskom-signals-end-to-winter-load-shedding-as-grid-stability-reaches-turning-point\")

* [https://allafrica.com/stories/202604230019.html](https://allafrica.com/stories/202604230019.html\")

* [https://gauteng.news/2026/01/07/loadshedding-returns-to-south-africa/](https://gauteng.news/2026/01/07/loadshedding-returns-to-south-africa/\")

* [https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/eskom-plans-to-invest-r320-billion-over-next-5-years-which-includes-adding-5-9-gw-of-clean-generation-capacity/](https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/eskom-plans-to-invest-r320-billion-over-next-5-years-which-includes-adding-5-9-gw-of-clean-generation-capacity/\")

* [https://energynews.africa/2025/07/18/eskom-charts-bold-course-away-from-coal-targets-32-gw-renewables-by-2040/](https://energynews.africa/2025/07/18/eskom-charts-bold-course-away-from-coal-targets-32-gw-renewables-by-2040/\")

* [https://www.biznews.com/sa-investing/discovery-challenges-eskom-r10bn-projects](https://www.biznews.com/sa-investing/discovery-challenges-eskom-r10bn-projects\")

* [https://electronintel.substack.com/p/eskoms-36-profit-surge-grid-stability](https://electronintel.substack.com/p/eskoms-36-profit-surge-grid-stability\")

* [https://www.ourpower.co.za/news/eskom-load-shedding-schedule](https://www.ourpower.co.za/news/eskom-load-shedding-schedule\")

* [https://radarr.africa/eskom-promises-end-to-load-shedding-in-south-africa-until-march-2026/](https://radarr.africa/eskom-promises-end-to-load-shedding-in-south-africa-until-march-2026/\")

* [https://www.academicjobs.com/za/global-news/eskom-power-update-2026-no-load-shedding-stable-supply-or-academicjobs-13872](https://www.academicjobs.com/za/global-news/eskom-power-update-2026-no-load-shedding-stable-supply-or-academicjobs-13872\")

* [https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/eskom-kusile-unit-6-unlocking-full-9600mw-capacity-across-eskom’s-flagship](https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/eskom-kusile-unit-6-unlocking-full-9600mw-capacity-across-eskom’s-flagship\")

* [https://www.citizen.co.za/news/kusile-unit-6-back-commercial-operation-how-long-it-took/](https://www.citizen.co.za/news/kusile-unit-6-back-commercial-operation-how-long-it-took/\")

* [https://www.earthnews365.co.za/unit-6-operational-completing-a-14-year-journey-of-the-construction-of-coal-fired-stations/](https://www.earthnews365.co.za/unit-6-operational-completing-a-14-year-journey-of-the-construction-of-coal-fired-stations/\")

* [https://www.energize.co.za/article/kusile-final-unit-now-fully-commercial](https://www.energize.co.za/article/kusile-final-unit-now-fully-commercial\")

* [https://capetimes.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-02-26-eskom-declares-end-to-load-shedding-is-the-energy-crisis-truly-over/](https://capetimes.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-02-26-eskom-declares-end-to-load-shedding-is-the-energy-crisis-truly-over/\")

* [https://www.thegotoguy.co.za/post/kusile-unit-6-goes-commercial-strengthening-south-africa-s-power-supply](https://www.thegotoguy.co.za/post/kusile-unit-6-goes-commercial-strengthening-south-africa-s-power-supply\")

* [https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/635989/fresh-delays-at-medupi-and-kusile-amid-eye-watering-costs/](https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/635989/fresh-delays-at-medupi-and-kusile-amid-eye-watering-costs/\")

* [https://mg.co.za/the-green-guardian/2026-01-14-south-africa-advances-just-energy-transition-despite-us-withdrawal/](https://mg.co.za/the-green-guardian/2026-01-14-south-africa-advances-just-energy-transition-despite-us-withdrawal/\")

* [https://stateofthenation.gov.za/priorities/growing-the-economy-and-jobs/just-transition-to-a-low-carbon-economy](https://stateofthenation.gov.za/priorities/growing-the-economy-and-jobs/just-transition-to-a-low-carbon-economy\")

* [https://commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/find-funding/eu-funding-programmes/just-transition-fund_en](https://commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/find-funding/eu-funding-programmes/just-transition-fund_en\")

* [https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3350979/why-china-backs-namibias-nuclear-fuel-rod-production](https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3350979/why-china-backs-namibias-nuclear-fuel-rod-production\")

* [https://energycapitalandpower.africa-newsroom.com/press/hydrogen-energy-technologies-to-drive-demand-for-africas-platinum-group-metals-pgms?lang=en](https://energycapitalandpower.africa-newsroom.com/press/hydrogen-energy-technologies-to-drive-demand-for-africas-platinum-group-metals-pgms?lang=en\")

* [https://miningandengreview.com/critical-minerals-the-green-transition-africas-strategic-role-in-powering-the-global-clean-energy-future/](https://miningandengreview.com/critical-minerals-the-green-transition-africas-strategic-role-in-powering-the-global-clean-energy-future/\")

* [https://dras.in/india-and-africa-a-strategic-framework-for-critical-minerals-energy-security-and-defence-cooperation/](https://dras.in/india-and-africa-a-strategic-framework-for-critical-minerals-energy-security-and-defence-cooperation/\")

* [https://www.epolitix.com/the-global-race-for-critical-minerals-securing-the-2026-green-transition/](https://www.epolitix.com/the-global-race-for-critical-minerals-securing-the-2026-green-transition/\")

* [https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3344221/india-brazil-sign-rare-earths-deal-build-resilient-supply-chains](https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3344221/india-brazil-sign-rare-earths-deal-build-resilient-supply-chains\")

* [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/21/india-brazil-sign-critical-minerals-deal-as-partners-seek-trade-growth](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/21/india-brazil-sign-critical-minerals-deal-as-partners-seek-trade-growth\")

* [https://hydrogen-central.com/burnstar-technologies-and-mitochondria-energy-company-sign-letter-of-intent-for-on-site-turquoise-hydrogen-supply-to-power-south-africas-first-large-scale-fuel-cell-fleet/](https://hydrogen-central.com/burnstar-technologies-and-mitochondria-energy-company-sign-letter-of-intent-for-on-site-turquoise-hydrogen-supply-to-power-south-africas-first-large-scale-fuel-cell-fleet/\")

* [https://energycapitalpower.com/africa-shows-real-promise-in-green-hydrogen-with-projects-in-egypt-mauritania-namibia-and-south-africa/](https://energycapitalpower.com/africa-shows-real-promise-in-green-hydrogen-with-projects-in-egypt-mauritania-namibia-and-south-africa/\")

* [https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3853248-mashatile-pushes-for-deeper-sa-china-economic-ties-as-trade-hits-364-billion](https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3853248-mashatile-pushes-for-deeper-sa-china-economic-ties-as-trade-hits-364-billion\")

* [https://www.bestmag.co.uk/india-and-us-sign-agreement-to-expand-and-diversify-critical-mineral-supply-chains/](https://www.bestmag.co.uk/india-and-us-sign-agreement-to-expand-and-diversify-critical-mineral-supply-chains/\")

* [https://africatalyst.com/embracing-green-hydrogen-to-power-africas-green-growth/](https://africatalyst.com/embracing-green-hydrogen-to-power-africas-green-growth/\")

* [https://energycapitalpower.com/africas-green-hydrogen-mega-projects-gear-up-for-2026/](https://energycapitalpower.com/africas-green-hydrogen-mega-projects-gear-up-for-2026/\")

* [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-025-00277-0](https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-025-00277-0\")

* [https://africanenergycouncil.org/south-africa-begins-green-hydrogen-project/](https://africanenergycouncil.org/south-africa-begins-green-hydrogen-project/\")

* [https://hho-bulgaria.com/fr/green-hydrogen-news/sasol-produced-first-green-hydrogen-from-sasolburg-electrolyser-in-june-2/](https://hho-bulgaria.com/fr/green-hydrogen-news/sasol-produced-first-green-hydrogen-from-sasolburg-electrolyser-in-june-2/\")

* [https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/progress-being-made-implementation-sas-green-hydrogen-strategy](https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/progress-being-made-implementation-sas-green-hydrogen-strategy\")

* [https://dienuus.co.za/2025/07/23/r13-miljard-spyker-in-die-kis-vir-beurtkrag-in-suid-afrika/](https://dienuus.co.za/2025/07/23/r13-miljard-spyker-in-die-kis-vir-beurtkrag-in-suid-afrika/\")

* [https://power-to-x.com/afrika-laender-planen-projekte-fuer-wasserstoff-und-ammoniak-als-duengemittel/](https://power-to-x.com/afrika-laender-planen-projekte-fuer-wasserstoff-und-ammoniak-als-duengemittel/\")

* [https://www.cnbcafrica.com/media/7775056403595/south-africa-and-the-critical-minerals-conversation-](https://www.cnbcafrica.com/media/7775056403595/south-africa-and-the-critical-minerals-conversation-\")

* [https://www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com/en/news/publications/2026/South-Africa/Mining-Minerals/mining-and-minerals-and-industrials-manufacturing-and-trade-alert-10-february-critical-minerals-critical-choices-navigating-us-tariffs-chinese-dominance-and-african-sovereignty](https://www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com/en/news/publications/2026/South-Africa/Mining-Minerals/mining-and-minerals-and-industrials-manufacturing-and-trade-alert-10-february-critical-minerals-critical-choices-navigating-us-tariffs-chinese-dominance-and-african-sovereignty\")

* [https://skillings.net/africa-emerges-as-strategic-anchor-for-2026-critical-minerals-supply-lobito-corridor-investments-surge/](https://skillings.net/africa-emerges-as-strategic-anchor-for-2026-critical-minerals-supply-lobito-corridor-investments-surge/\")

* [https://gbc1.net/index.php/2026/01/07/china-africa-trade-expected-to-exceed-330b-in-2025-and-flirt-with-400b-in-2026/](https://gbc1.net/index.php/2026/01/07/china-africa-trade-expected-to-exceed-330b-in-2025-and-flirt-with-400b-in-2026/\")

---

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