执行摘要
在2025-2026年期间,巴西在能源投资方面呈现出双重动态:一方面,公共资金持续投入可再生能源,特别是在东北部地区;另一方面,石油预销售项目的加速推进。在东北部地区,该地区集中了全国82.3%的太阳能和风能装机容量,BNDES为清洁能源项目拨款100亿雷亚尔,其中包括10亿雷亚尔用于在米纳斯吉拉斯州阿里诺斯建设11个505兆瓦的光伏电站,该项目已于2026年初启动。同期,行业企业因运营成本上升和税收优惠丧失,暂停投资388亿雷亚尔(含141个项目,投资189亿雷亚尔)。
海上风电取得进展:2025年6月,Ibama向阿雷亚布兰卡的24.5兆瓦项目发放了首张初步许可证,而2025年底已有103项许可证申请,总装机容量达244.5吉瓦。海上风电技术潜力估计为697吉瓦(根据世界银行和EPE数据,最高可达1200吉瓦)。最初计划于2026年启动的首场海上风电拍卖,因2026年上半年发布监管法令而推迟至2027年。海上风电项目融资通过BNDES与Banco do Nordeste(410亿雷亚尔)及BNDES与CEXIM(10亿美元基金,自2026年起生效)的协议实现。
同时,石油投资,特别是预销售项目,仍占主导地位。Petrobras宣布2026-2030年投资计划达1090亿美元,其中910亿美元用于实施项目。2025年预销售产量达到489.7万桶油当量/日,7月达到峰值516.0万桶油当量/日。2026年能源转型融资减少20%,风电和太阳能投资收缩58%。2025年6月,Ibama因缺乏详细气候计划暂停价值1964亿雷亚尔的项目许可。2026年7月将举行第六轮石油预销售拍卖,涉及六个油田的1.065亿桶。
在南非,Eskom自2025年4月1日至2026年3月12日连续300天无计划停电(load shedding),得益于能源可用性因子(EAF)提升至65.85%及意外功率损失从16.5吉瓦(2023年)降至9.1吉瓦(2026年3月31日)。重要事件是Kusile电厂第六机组于2025年9月29日完成,新增800兆瓦装机。通过发电恢复计划,自2023年起恢复7.8吉瓦产能,而开式循环燃气轮机(OCGT)柴油消耗量从2025年4月至2026年3月减少57.35%,节省63.8亿兰特。
2025年Eskom提出五年投资计划达3200亿兰特,包含5.9吉瓦新清洁能源。《资源综合计划》(IRP 2025)延长10座燃煤电厂运营寿命。2025年南非政府与国际伙伴(欧盟、英国、丹麦、法国、德国、荷兰)宣布“公正能源转型伙伴关系”(JETP)计划,资金100亿美元。2026年德国通过KfW向24个战略绿氢项目提供2300万欧元风险缓释资金。2025年宣布的Coega绿氢项目获SA-H2基金2亿美元资助,计划2029年投产。
2026年南非多个绿氢项目启动:CSIR 1吉瓦电解槽、Wits-South Africa Hydrogen Localisation Initiative 110千瓦电解槽及Prieska Power Reserve年产量8万吨氢气项目。BurnStar Technologies与Mitochondria Energy Company签署协议,为15个50千瓦燃料电池系统供应蓝氢,计划2026年底投产。非洲大陆共统计78个绿氢项目,总装机38吉瓦,投资1940亿美元,南非、埃及和摩洛哥为领先国家。
最显著数据是巴西在可再生能源和预销售领域同步大规模项目扩张,而转型技术融资下降,形成气候承诺与经济战略间的张力。南非实现300天无计划停电,证实电力系统稳定性提升,但长期可持续性依赖清洁能源转型计划实施及可再生能源整合。
第一部分 – 巴西:可再生能源、海上风电和预销售
2025-2026年巴西能源投资呈现出矛盾的发展态势:在东北部地区对可再生能源领域进行了大量资本注入,同时石油预销售项目的推进速度加快,但用于转型技术的资金却有所削减。一个关键事件是巴西国家开发银行(BNDES)批准了10亿雷亚尔(约合1.851亿美元)的贷款,用于在米纳斯吉拉斯州的阿里诺斯地区建设11个太阳能发电站,总装机容量达505兆瓦,这些项目于2026年初投入运行。该项目是BNDES在2025年为东北部清洁能源项目拨款100亿雷亚尔的一部分,其中包含“新巴西工业”计划下的无息贷款。
同期,东北部地区的投资出现显著下滑:可再生能源企业暂停了2025-2026年间约388亿雷亚尔的投资,因运营成本上升和税收优惠丧失而考虑撤离该地区。141个太阳能和风能项目暂停了189亿雷亚尔的投资。尽管如此,东北部仍主导着可再生能源领域:占全国太阳能和风能总装机容量的82.3%,包括30吉瓦的运营能力,以及78%的在建项目。2025年新增6751.03兆瓦装机容量,其中太阳能2464.04兆瓦、风能1537.90兆瓦。
海上风电领域发展加速。2025年6月,环境与可再生资源管理局(Ibama)向里约格朗德-多诺米州阿雷亚布兰卡海域的项目发放了首张初步许可证,该项目配备两台风力涡轮机(8.5兆瓦和16兆瓦),总装机容量24.5兆瓦。由巴西可再生能源创新研究所(ISI-ER)开发的该项目需在18个月内获得安装许可证,并在36个月内投入运营。截至2025年底,Ibama已登记103份海上风电项目许可证申请,总装机容量达244.5吉瓦;其他估计显示为104个项目,潜在装机容量700吉瓦。海上风电技术潜力达697吉瓦,根据世界银行和国家电力调度中心(EPE)的预测,可达到1200吉瓦。首轮招标原定于2026年,但因2026年上半年发布监管法令而推迟至2027年。
海上风电项目融资由BNDES与东北银行(Banco do Nordeste)联合开展。2025年3月,双方签署了410亿雷亚尔的协议,用于海上风电及绿色技术。此外,BNDES与巴西中国进出口银行(CEXIM)签署了10亿美元基金协议(其中BNDES出资4亿美元),支持巴西能源转型、人工智能、基础设施、采矿和农业项目,该基金将于2026年启动。2025年,BNDES还为巴西9个州13座城市的16个太阳能电站提供融资,总计1.56亿雷亚尔和31兆瓦装机容量。
石油项目投资,尤其是预销售领域,持续主导。巴西国家石油公司(Petrobras)宣布2026-2030年投资计划达1090亿美元(5814亿雷亚尔),其中910亿美元用于项目实施,180亿美元用于评估阶段。2025年,该公司在可再生能源和预销售项目上投资30亿美元。然而,2026年能源转型项目融资削减20%,其中风电和太阳能项目降幅达58%。2025年预销售产量达489.7万桶/日(同比2024年增长13.3%),7月创下5160万桶/日的纪录。2025年期间,Itapu(配备P-71 FPSO)和Búzios 6(配备P-78 FPSO,日产量达18万桶)油田投产。
预销售开发计划包括2027年前建设11座新浮式生产储油船(FPSO),其中Mero油田的Sepetiba平台日产量达18万桶。 Santos盆地第四阶段预销售产量预期达77.3万桶/日,占全国产量的23%。2025年6月,Ibama因缺乏详细气候计划而暂停价值1964亿雷亚尔的项目审批,该计划是重启审批流程的必要条件。Petrobras还收购了Mero油田3.5%和Atapu油田0.95%的权益,分别将其持股比例提升至41.4%和66.38%。2026年7月将举行第六轮预销售石油拍卖,涉及Mero、Itapu、Atapu、Sépia、Búzios和Bacalhau油田的10.65亿桶石油。
尽管存在矛盾趋势,官方声明确认了平衡发展的意图。Petrobras宣布将维持至2050年31%的可再生能源能源矩阵,同时扩大预销售生产。矿业与能源部(MME)设定海上风电项目12海里限制,并计划到2050年创造50万个就业岗位。然而,缺乏资金透明度、海上风电项目直接投资数据缺失以及具体建设成本信息不全,使得经济分析难以深入。值得注意的是,尽管可再生能源投资增长,2025-2026年间仍出现显著资本外流,凸显当前发展模式的脆弱性。
最显著的事实是,巴西在2025-2026年同时推进可再生能源和预销售领域的大型项目,而转型技术资金削减,导致气候承诺与经济战略之间产生张力。
第二部分 – 南非:电网稳定性、绿氢和关键矿物
2025年4月1日至2026年3月12日期间,埃斯科姆(Eskom)实现了连续300天无停电,这得益于能源可用性因子(EAF)的改善和意外停机的减少。在这些12个月内,EAF达到65.85%;在2025-2026财年达到65.35%,相比2023-2024财年增长了4.75%。关键因素是意外功率损失的减少,从2023年的16.5 GW降至2026年3月31日的9.1 GW(-44.5%)。2026年3月6日至12日的一周内,平均损失从15.382 GW降至7.224 GW(-53%)。
尽管有所改善,2025年4月和5月仍记录了26小时的停电,表明系统仍存在持续的脆弱性。然而,2026年4月1日至8月31日期间,埃斯科姆预计不会出现电网过载,这得益于6 GW的发电储备和发电设施的稳定运行。一个重要事件是Kusile电站第6机组的完工,于2025年9月29日完成,增加了800 MW的发电能力,使Kusile和Medupi电站的总装机容量达到9.6 GW。第6机组于2025年9月被认定为商业可用,尽管生产已于2025年3月23日启动。
埃斯科姆正在实施发电能力恢复计划,已从2023年起恢复了7.8 GW的产能,包括Medupi第4机组和Kusile第6机组。通过该计划,增加了4.0 GW的额外发电能力,使循环流化床燃气轮机(OCGT)的柴油消耗量在2025年4月1日至2026年3月12日期间减少了57.35%,节省了63.8亿兰特。2023-2026年间,柴油支出总体减少了269亿兰特(约合14亿欧元)。
2025年,埃斯科姆宣布了为期五年的投资计划,金额达3200亿兰特,计划新增5.9 GW的清洁能源。2026年启动了2 GW的可再生能源项目。长期战略(2025年批准)旨在将煤炭发电能力从39 GW降至18 GW,并在2040年前实现32 GW的可再生能源产能。同时,综合资源计划(IRP 2025)延长了10座燃煤电站的运营寿命,其中一些将比原计划多运行十年。
2025年,南非政府与国际伙伴(欧盟、英国、丹麦、法国、德国、荷兰)宣布了“公正能源转型伙伴关系”(JETP)计划,金额达100亿美元。另有24亿美元以双边捐助形式到位。2026年,德国通过KfW为关键绿氢项目提供了2300万欧元的风险缓释资金,包括24个战略项目。在该计划框架下,2025年启动了位于Coega的绿氢项目,获得SA-H2基金的2亿美元资助,计划于2029年商业化。
2026年南非推进多个绿氢项目。CSIR项目于2024年5月获批并2025年6月启动,计划建设1 GW电解槽,年产量达72,000-88,000吨氢气,减少0.7百万吨二氧化碳排放。Wits-南非氢能本地化倡议获得3.5亿兰特(约530万美元)用于110 kW电解槽。Prieska Power Reserve项目(由KfW和IDC支持)计划年产80,000吨氢气。BurnStar Technologies与Mitochondria Energy Company签署协议,为15个50 kW燃料电池系统(总功率800 kW)提供蓝氢,计划2026年底投产。
2026年南非加强与印度和中国在关键矿物领域的合作。印度与非洲协议于2026年4月22日确认,计划联合投资750亿美元,铂金、锰和铬贸易额达1000亿美元。中国是南非最大贸易伙伴,2025年双边贸易额达364亿美元。美国虽于2025年宣布退出协议,但已拨款5600万美元补贴,潜在投资达10亿美元。
2025年,工业发展公司(IDC)向八家少数族裔拥有的关键矿物企业投资16亿兰特,涉及锰、铂金和石墨。在由全球基础设施与投资伙伴关系资助的50亿美元“全球洛比托走廊”项目中,计划现代化关键矿物的开采与出口物流。2026年非洲共有78个绿氢项目,总装机容量38 GW,投资达1940亿美元;南非与埃及、摩洛哥并列领先。
尽管有所改善,2026年仍存在电力供应不足(unserved energy)风险,因2029-2030年将退出5.26 GW燃煤发电,可能引发2029年严重停电。2025年停电造成的经济损失估计为每天9亿兰特,根据绿色和平非洲的数据,能源危机总成本达7210亿兰特(380亿美元)。
最显著的成果是埃斯科姆于2026年3月12日实现连续300天无计划停电,显示电力系统韧性得益于产能恢复和柴油消耗减少。然而,长期稳定性取决于清洁能源转型计划的实施和可再生能源整合。
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- https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2026/04/01/governo-aprova-diretrizes-para-eolicas-no-mar-e-estudos-para-ampliar-capacidade-hidreletrica.ghtml
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202510/1344928.shtml
- https://www.ocafezinho.com/2024/08/04/bndes-financia-complexo-solar-na-bahia-que-abastecera-refinaria-de-mataripe-2a-maior-do-pais/
- https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/negocios/noticia/2025/10/02/bndes-e-china-firmam-acordo-para-fundo-de-r-1-bi-para-investimentos-em-transicao-energetica-ia-e-mais.ghtml
- https://jornalgrandebahia.com.br/2025/06/presidente-lula-anuncia-chamada-publica-de-r-10-bilhoes-do-bndes-para-impulsionar-industria-e-gerar-empregos-no-nordeste/
- https://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/mercado-de-capitais/fundos-de-investimentos/chamadas-publicas-para-selecao-de-fundos/chamada-publica-selecao-fundos-mitigacao-climatica
- https://agenciadenoticias.bndes.gov.br/infraestrutura/Com-R$-156-mi-do-BNDES-mais-16-usinas-fotovoltaicas-entram-em-operacao-no-Brasil/
- https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/bndes-e-banco-do-nordeste-anunciam-novas-linhas-de-financiamento-para-energia-eolica-offshore-e-projetos-verdes-no-brasil-dsca00/
- https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sustentabilidade/ibama-concede-a-1a-licenca-previa-a-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-brasil/
- https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/macroeconomia/ibama-concede-1a-licenca-previa-para-projeto-de-energia-eolica-offshore/
- https://portugal.wedoany.ai/arquivo/418
- https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/06/23/ibama-concede-primeira-licenca-previa-para-usina-eolica-offshore-no-brasil/
- https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/um-marco-histórico-ibama-emite-1ª-licença-prévia-para-projeto-enl9e/
- https://www.gov.br/ibama/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/ibama-emite-1a-licenca-previa-para-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-brasil
- https://brasilamazoniaagora.com.br/ibama-energia-eolica-offshore/
- https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/06/24/ibama-concede-primeira-licenca-previa-para-projeto-de-eolica-offshore-no-brasil.ghtml
- https://www.arandanet.com.br/revista/em/noticia/11106-Ibama-libera-1ª-licenca-para-eolica-offshore-no-Brasil
- https://dol.com.br/noticias/inovacao-em-sustentabilidade/912391/ibama-autoriza-primeira-licenca-previa-para-energia-eolica-offshore-no-brasil?d=1
- https://umsoplaneta.globo.com/energia/noticia/2025/06/25/ibama-concede-1a-licenca-previa-a-projeto-eolico-offshore-no-pais.ghtml
- https://onegreen.com.br/ibama-lanca-termo-de-referencia-padrao-para-complexos-de-energia-eolica-offshore/
- https://eixos.com.br/eolica/ibama-prepara-emissao-de-primeira-licenca-para-eolica-offshore/
- https://partidoliberal.org.br/astronauta-marcos-pontes-pl-sp-audiencia-publica-energia-eolica-offshore/
- https://anp.com.br/ibama-aprova-licenca-para-a-primeira-usina-eolica-em-alto-mar-no-brasil/
- https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/07/31/eolicas-em-alto-mar-tem-103-pedidos-de-licenciamento-ambiental-junto-ao-ibama.ghtml
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/economia/noticia/2025-11/investments-petrobras-2026-2030-plan-totals-usd-109-billion
- https://wscom.com.br/noticias/2025/11/27/petrobras-plano-negocios-2026-2030-investimentos/
- https://ep-bd.com/view/details/news/NTIwOA==/title?q=Petrobras+Profits+Surge+to+$22+Billion+Amid+Criticism+Over+Fossil+Fuel+Focus
- https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/11/29/entenda-os-planos-da-petrobras-para-investimentos-producao-e-dividendos-ate-2030.ghtml
- https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/12/04/petrobras-e-shell-arrematam-areas-no-pre-sal-por-r-88-bilhoes.ghtml
- https://globalflowcontrol.com/newsroom/slb-petrobras-pre-salt-contract/
- https://jornalgrandebahia.com.br/2025/12/petrobras-amplia-participacao-em-mero-e-atapu-apos-leilao-de-areas-do-pre-sal/
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2025-06/pre-sal-5o-leilao-de-petroleo-da-uniao-pode-arrecadar-R$-28-bilhoes
- https://valorinternational.globo.com/business/news/2025/06/26/petrobras-bids-aggressively-in-ppsa-auction.ghtml
- https://timesbrasil.com.br/brasil/tesouro-do-pre-sal-ppsa-leiloa-1065-milhoes-de-barris-da-uniao/
- https://revistaoe.com.br/plano-de-negocios-petrobras-2025-2029-investimentos/
- https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/petrobras-plano-bilionario-2030-pre-sal-margem-equatorial-caes/
- https://www.brasil247.com/brasil-sustentavel/petrobras-investe-em-transicao-energetica-e-reduz-40-das-emissoes-de-co-desde-2015-03mg3sd7
- https://guiadoinvestidor.com.br/mercado/petrobras-petr4-ibama-suspende-licenca-de-r-196-bi-no-pre-sal-por-falta-de-plano-climatico/
- https://www.naturalgasintel.com/news/brazils-petrobras-planning-to-ramp-up-pre-salt-natural-gas-oil-production-from-2025-2029/
- https://valorinternational.globo.com/business/news/2025/12/15/pre-salt-could-generate-over-r1tn-for-brazil-within-a-decade.ghtml
- https://en.clickpetroleoegas.com.br/producao-de-petroleo-no-pre-sal-bate-recorde-historico-e-consolida-o-brasil-entre-os-maiores-produtores-globais/
- https://www.poder360.com.br/energia/petrobras-anuncia-11-novas-plataformas-no-pre-sal-ate-2027/
- https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202506/pre-sal-atinge-novo-recorde-na-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-natural-e-alcanca-3-7-milhoes-de-barris-por-dia
- https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2026/02/02/producao-diaria-de-petroleo-e-gas-sobe-133percent-e-bate-recorde-em-2025-diz-anp.ghtml
- https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/09/01/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-produz-mais-de-5-milhoes-de-barris-de-petroleo-e-gas-por-dia.ghtml
- https://safras.com.br/petrobras-preve-investimentos-totais-de-us-109-bilhoes-de-2026-a-2030/
- https://apublica.org/2025/09/petrobras-resiste-mas-e-obrigada-a-compensar-impacto-climatico-de-operacao-no-pre-sal/
- https://climainfo.org.br/2025/11/30/novo-plano-de-negocios-da-petrobras-reduz-em-20-investimentos-em-transicao-energetica/
- https://cenarioenergia.com.br/2025/11/24/petrobras-projeta-manter-31-de-renovaveis-em-sua-matriz-ate-2050-e-reforca-foco-dual-em-expansao-do-pre-sal-e-transicao-energetica/
- https://energynews.africa/2026/04/20/petrobras-acquires-75-stake-in-sao-tomes-offshore-block-3-strengthening-africa-push/
- https://cbhe.org.bo/index.php/noticias/74816-brasil-ppsa-subastara-106-5-millones-de-barriles-en-julio-de-2026
- https://www.tbpetroleum.com.br/noticia/ppsa-launches-a-new-spot-sale-process-for-union-oil-cargoes-from-itapu-and-sepia/
- https://astrotecnologia.net/en/highlights_petrobras_strategical_plan_2021_2025/
- https://www.upstreamonline.com/production/petrobras-begins-production-at-itapu-pre-salt-field-offshore-brazil/2-1-1378355
- https://clickpetroleoegas.com.br/ibama-trava-megaprojeto-de-r-1964-bilhoes-da-petrobras-no-pre-sal-e-pode-colocar-em-risco-o-futuro-das-plataformas-no-brasil-afch/
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2025-11/plano-da-petrobras-2026-2030-preve-investimentos-de-us-109-bilhoes
- https://www.industrialinfo.com/news/article/petrobras-da-luz-verde-a-los-proyectos-seap-con-un-aumento-de-capacidad-de-240000-bpd-para-2030–356418
- https://climainfo.org.br/2025/09/26/ibama-determina-a-petrobras-compensacao-do-impacto-climatico-do-pre-sal/
- https://www.gasnet.com.br/Conteudo/23499/Campos-de-Búzios-e-Atapu-receberam-quase-o-total-dos-US$-4,1-bilhões-investidos-no-primeiro-trimestre-de-2025
- https://eixos.com.br/eventos/ppsa-vai-leiloar-1065-milhoes-de-barris-em-julho-de-2026/
- https://agencia.petrobras.com.br/w/petrobras-inicia-produção-de-búzios-6
URL II.
- https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/load-shedding/eskom-celebrates-more-than-300-days-of-no-load-shedding/
- https://www.joburgetc.com/business/end-of-load-shedding-south-africa/
- https://techcentral.co.za/eskom-marks-300-days-without-load-shedding/279000/
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/eskom-marks-300-days-without-loadshedding-13-mar-2026
- https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sa-marks-168-days-without-load-shedding
- https://www.thesouthafrican.com/business/eskom-says-no-load-shedding-this-winter/
- https://www.freshplaza.com/africa/article/9831932/south-africa-expects-no-load-shedding-in-winter-2026/
- https://www.archyde.com/eskoms-blackouts-an-in-depth-analysis-of-system-failures-and-impacts-on-south-africas-power-supply/
- https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/will-south-africas-power-crisis-sink-its-green-ambitions
- https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/press/60473/new-report-exposes-deadly-cost-of-delaying-coal-phase-out-in-south-africa/
- https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/unmasked-the-health-and-economic-cost-of-delaying-coal-phase-out-in-south-africa/
- https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-04-22-eskom-says-load-reduction-eased-in-multiple-areas-winter-outlook-stable/
- https://energynews.pro/en/eskom-rules-out-summer-load-shedding-with-4000-mw-added-capacity/
- https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/eskom-projects-stable-winter-power-supply-with-no-loadshedding-expected-challenges-with-new-build-renewable-energy/
- https://infrastructurenews.co.za/2025/02/26/eskom-suspends-load-shedding/
- https://www.joburgetc.com/business/south-africa-permanent-end-to-load-shedding-2025/
- https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/852733/load-shedding-warning-for-south-africa/
- https://witness.co.za/news/2026/04/23/load-shedding-free-winter-likely-for-south-africa-eskom-says/
- https://www.arcadiafinance.co.za/news/stage-6-load-shedding-leave-south-africans-in-the-dark/
- https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/3251896–transforming-south-africas-education-system-a-key-to-inclusive-economic-growth
- https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/eskom-has-good-news-for-south-africans-scared-of-the-dark/
- https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3883573-eskom-signals-end-to-winter-load-shedding-as-grid-stability-reaches-turning-point
- https://allafrica.com/stories/202604230019.html
- https://gauteng.news/2026/01/07/loadshedding-returns-to-south-africa/
- https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/eskom-plans-to-invest-r320-billion-over-next-5-years-which-includes-adding-5-9-gw-of-clean-generation-capacity/
- https://energynews.africa/2025/07/18/eskom-charts-bold-course-away-from-coal-targets-32-gw-renewables-by-2040/
- https://www.biznews.com/sa-investing/discovery-challenges-eskom-r10bn-projects
- https://electronintel.substack.com/p/eskoms-36-profit-surge-grid-stability
- https://www.ourpower.co.za/news/eskom-load-shedding-schedule
- https://radarr.africa/eskom-promises-end-to-load-shedding-in-south-africa-until-march-2026/
- https://www.academicjobs.com/za/global-news/eskom-power-update-2026-no-load-shedding-stable-supply-or-academicjobs-13872
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/eskom-kusile-unit-6-unlocking-full-9600mw-capacity-across-eskom’s-flagship
- https://www.citizen.co.za/news/kusile-unit-6-back-commercial-operation-how-long-it-took/
- https://www.earthnews365.co.za/unit-6-operational-completing-a-14-year-journey-of-the-construction-of-coal-fired-stations/
- https://www.energize.co.za/article/kusile-final-unit-now-fully-commercial
- https://capetimes.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-02-26-eskom-declares-end-to-load-shedding-is-the-energy-crisis-truly-over/
- https://www.thegotoguy.co.za/post/kusile-unit-6-goes-commercial-strengthening-south-africa-s-power-supply
- https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/635989/fresh-delays-at-medupi-and-kusile-amid-eye-watering-costs/
- https://mg.co.za/the-green-guardian/2026-01-14-south-africa-advances-just-energy-transition-despite-us-withdrawal/
- https://stateofthenation.gov.za/priorities/growing-the-economy-and-jobs/just-transition-to-a-low-carbon-economy
- https://commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/find-funding/eu-funding-programmes/just-transition-fund_en
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3350979/why-china-backs-namibias-nuclear-fuel-rod-production
- https://energycapitalandpower.africa-newsroom.com/press/hydrogen-energy-technologies-to-drive-demand-for-africas-platinum-group-metals-pgms?lang=en
- https://miningandengreview.com/critical-minerals-the-green-transition-africas-strategic-role-in-powering-the-global-clean-energy-future/
- https://dras.in/india-and-africa-a-strategic-framework-for-critical-minerals-energy-security-and-defence-cooperation/
- https://www.epolitix.com/the-global-race-for-critical-minerals-securing-the-2026-green-transition/
- https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3344221/india-brazil-sign-rare-earths-deal-build-resilient-supply-chains
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/21/india-brazil-sign-critical-minerals-deal-as-partners-seek-trade-growth
- https://hydrogen-central.com/burnstar-technologies-and-mitochondria-energy-company-sign-letter-of-intent-for-on-site-turquoise-hydrogen-supply-to-power-south-africas-first-large-scale-fuel-cell-fleet/
- https://energycapitalpower.com/africa-shows-real-promise-in-green-hydrogen-with-projects-in-egypt-mauritania-namibia-and-south-africa/
- https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3853248-mashatile-pushes-for-deeper-sa-china-economic-ties-as-trade-hits-364-billion
- https://www.bestmag.co.uk/india-and-us-sign-agreement-to-expand-and-diversify-critical-mineral-supply-chains/
- https://africatalyst.com/embracing-green-hydrogen-to-power-africas-green-growth/
- https://energycapitalpower.com/africas-green-hydrogen-mega-projects-gear-up-for-2026/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-025-00277-0
- https://africanenergycouncil.org/south-africa-begins-green-hydrogen-project/
- https://hho-bulgaria.com/fr/green-hydrogen-news/sasol-produced-first-green-hydrogen-from-sasolburg-electrolyser-in-june-2/
- https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/progress-being-made-implementation-sas-green-hydrogen-strategy
- https://dienuus.co.za/2025/07/23/r13-miljard-spyker-in-die-kis-vir-beurtkrag-in-suid-afrika/
- https://power-to-x.com/afrika-laender-planen-projekte-fuer-wasserstoff-und-ammoniak-als-duengemittel/
- https://www.cnbcafrica.com/media/7775056403595/south-africa-and-the-critical-minerals-conversation-
- https://www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com/en/news/publications/2026/South-Africa/Mining-Minerals/mining-and-minerals-and-industrials-manufacturing-and-trade-alert-10-february-critical-minerals-critical-choices-navigating-us-tariffs-chinese-dominance-and-african-sovereignty
- https://skillings.net/africa-emerges-as-strategic-anchor-for-2026-critical-minerals-supply-lobito-corridor-investments-surge/
- https://gbc1.net/index.php/2026/01/07/china-africa-trade-expected-to-exceed-330b-in-2025-and-flirt-with-400b-in-2026/